From: "Akins" <lakins1@tampabay.rr.com>
Reply-To: personal_submersibles@psubs.org
To: <personal_submersibles@psubs.org>
Subject: Re: [PSUBS-MAILIST] Forces of Nature
Date: Wed, 9 Nov 2005 00:59:57 -0500
Hi Joe.
Not sure if I am reading your questions correctly, but I will try to help 
and hopefully be corect for what I think you are asking.
Remember that 1 atm is the air pressure at the surface and is the 14.7 psi 
we have pressing against our bodies (GENERALLY speaking)  ALL the time.
If you want to submerge something to say 33 feet, that would be 2 atm. 
Remember to count the
single atmosphere we already have pressing on us all the time. So 33 ft is 
2 atm, 66 ft is 3 atm, etc.
You asked.....#1 One submerges a bubble of air (enclosed in any material) 
and open to ambient pressure to 1atm . Equal forces of pressure are applied 
to either side of the material. I assume that the lifting force of the air 
in pounds of buoyancy is not cancelled out by the equalization of that 
pressure. That the material is subjected to a stress in psi equal to that 
force. Then if one were to apply an opposing force ,as in ballast, that the 
material is then subjected to both forces. Is this a correct assumption?
The first part of your question I assume you mean't submerging a bubble of 
air at ambient pressure at greater than 1 atm.
The second part of your question states about applying equal force to 
either side of the material. I assume you mean the water pressure force
going into the main soft ballast tanks or even part of the subs ambient 
hull (depending on design) and then having equal force applied by
releasing air into the same space and therefore the material (hull or 
tanks) has equal force applied onto it from both sides which cancels each 
other's force
out, remembering of course that there has to be a slight pressure 
difference inside, in that the inside air pressure force holding out the 
water has
to be slightly greater than the water's pressure trying to get in. That 
sounds correct if that is what you mean't. I wasn't quite sure what your 
third part of the question mean't
when you asked whether the lifting force of the air was not cancelled out 
by the equalization of that pressure. Are you asking if by pressurizing the 
vessel, (material, bubble, whatever) if
the lifting force of the air is decreased by being compressed against the 
outside water pressure? If that is what you were asking, I am not the best 
to answer this, but I do know that the deeper
you go and the more you compress air, it does have an effect on its 
buoyancy I believe. I'll leave that one for someone a bit more 
knowledgeable in math to compute buoyancy loss due to air molecule
compression. But I hope I helped you some, and remember we are always at 
approximately 1 atm all the time.
Bill.
  ----- Original Message -----
  From: Joseph Perkel
  To: personal_submersibles@psubs.org
  Sent: Tuesday, November 08, 2005 12:15 PM
  Subject: [PSUBS-MAILIST] Forces of Nature
  My learning curve is flattened again, too many distractions, Please help 
me with some basics here.
  #1 One submerges a bubble of air (enclosed in any material) and open to 
ambient pressure to 1atm . Equal forces of pressure are applied to either 
side of the material. I assume that the lifting force of the air in pounds 
of buoyancy is not cancelled out by the equalization of that pressure. That 
the material is subjected to a stress in psi equal to that force. Then if 
one were to apply an opposing force ,as in ballast, that the material is 
then subjected to both forces. Is this a correct assumption?
  #2 One submerges a piece of marine ply to one atm. Is the cellular 
structure of the wood irreversibly compressed creating a permanent change 
in density and therefore buoyancy?
  Thanks
  Joe
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